Linux Command Reference

Linux commands are programs and built-in utilities executed from the terminal (shell). They follow a consistent pattern: command [options] [arguments]. Options (flags) modify behavior and are usually prefixed with - (short) or -- (long).

Command Categories

• Files & Directories: Navigate, create, copy, move, and delete files and folders — ls, cp, mv, rm, find
• Text Processing: Search, filter, and transform text — grep, sed, awk, sort, cut
• Permissions: Control file ownership and access — chmod, chown, chgrp
• Processes: Monitor and manage running programs — ps, top, kill, bg, fg
• System Info: Inspect hardware, kernel, and system state — uname, uptime, free, hostname
• Network: Test connectivity, transfer data, and inspect interfaces — ping, curl, ss, ip
• Disk & Storage: Check disk usage, mount filesystems — df, du, mount, lsblk
• Archives: Compress and extract files — tar, gzip, zip, unzip
• Users & Groups: Manage user accounts and privileges — useradd, passwd, su, sudo

Useful Shortcuts

• Pipe (|): Send the output of one command as input to another — ls -la | grep ".txt"
• Redirect (>, >>): Write output to a file (overwrite or append)
• Wildcards (*, ?): Match multiple files — *.log, file?.txt
• Command substitution ($()): Use the output of a command as an argument

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